What is a complex microgrid?

Adoption of complex microgrids can involve multiple energy carriers in integrated energy systems, e.g. involving passive design, electricity, heat, light, and other energy service requirements.

What is a hydrogen-Integrated microgrid?

The hydrogen-integrated microgrid features a 1-MW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 640-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, equipped with a complete set of hydrogen production and supply system, aiming to establish a near-zero carbon multi-energy supply and demand system.

What is a microgrid?

1.1. Background and motivation A microgrid is a self-contained electrical network with resources including energy storage (ES), renewable energy sources (RES), and controllable loads, which can operate in either grid-connected or island mode , .

How to optimize microgrid energy management?

(2) Current microgrid energy management either employ offline optimization methods (e.g., robust optimization , frequency-domain method ) or prediction-dependent online optimization methods (e.g., MPC , stochastic dynamic programming ).

Can microgrids improve energy resilience?

Microgrids can enhance energy resilience, promote decarbonization, and reduce transmission system investments, but the volatility of RES poses challenges to short-term supply–demand balances , .

Can Lyapunov optimization optimize the long-term energy cost of a microgrid?

A joint energy scheduling and trading algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization and a double-auction mechanism is designed in to optimize the long-term energy cost of each microgrid. However, in some cases, the uncertainties can not be observed before decision-making and Lyapunov optimization becomes inapplicable.